Likewise, the utilization of the functionalities of membrane protein of RC advances nanobiotechnology in the field of drug delivery system and biosensor. As a result, the sensor was barely affected by interfering molecules such as saccharides and antioxidants. Also, RCM-coated glucose sensors showed high permselectivity to glucose. For example, just like RC does, RCM-coated nanoparticles showed long circulation in the blood by evading immune responses such as MPS and CS. Accordingly, intriguing researches were conducted together. The RC membrane (RCM) inside the whole blood of mice or human contains membrane proteins, which were extracted and purified. Recently, it is reported that membrane proteins of RC can be utilized by manipulating the cell membrane. Especially, membrane proteins of RC are responsible for numerous characteristics such as permeability to specific molecules (e.g., glucose, urea, and gases), immune evasive properties, unique biconcave disc-like structure, flexibility, and deformability. Hemoglobins are oxygen-transport metalloproteins that bind gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. The biconcave disc-like shape maximizes the surface area of the cell, which increases the gas exchanges between internal and external gases. Also, various membrane proteins and carbohydrates are embedded in the cell membrane which characterizes intrinsic functionalities of RCs. The unique characteristics of the RCs come from specialized microstructure of RC. The microstructure of RC has a biconcave disc-like shape and is fully packed with hemoglobin instead of nucleus and intracellular organelles. Also, RCs do not get attacked by immune system such as mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) and complement system (CS). For the delivery of the gases, RCs circulate through blood vessels to the whole body without being trapped inside narrow capillary vessels (5–10 μm in diameter) which are smaller than the size of RCs. RCs deliver oxygen from the lungs to all body tissues and carry carbon dioxide to the lungs. Red cells (RCs), also called as erythrocyte, are the most abundant cells in the body and highly specialized in gas transportation.
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